【線上云德】疫情期間律師說（一百一十）┃疫情期間律師說 深圳推動個人破產制度破冰

《深圳經濟特區個人破產條例（征求意見稿）》于2020年6月2日在深圳市人大常委會網站上公開征求意見。這是我國首部個人破產立法，“誠實而不幸”的債務人將有機會走出“債務泥潭”，東山再起。我國香港、臺灣地區都制定有個人破產方面的法律法規，但國內立法機關尚未出臺《個人破產法》，深圳率先在內地建立個人破產制度，是具有改革意義的“破冰”之舉。

The "Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Personal Bankruptcy Regulations (Consultation Draft)" was publicly consulted on the website of the Standing Committee of the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress on June 2, 2020. This is my country's first personal bankruptcy legislation, and "honest and unfortunate" debtors will have the opportunity to get out of the "debt quagmire" and make a comeback. my country’s Hong Kong and Taiwan have enacted laws and regulations on personal bankruptcy, but the domestic legislature has not yet promulgated the “Individual Bankruptcy Law”. Shenzhen is the first to establish an individual bankruptcy system in the Mainland.

我國企業破產法2007年6月1日開始施行，卻被學者們稱為“半部破產法”，個人破產制度的缺失，一方面造成了市場主體之間的地位不平等，另一方面也影響了企業破產制度的效果。個人破產制度是指自然人不能清償到期債務時，通過法定程序宣告其破產，將其剩余資產公平分配給債權人，對未得到清償的債權，免除他繼續清償責任的制度。

China's corporate bankruptcy law came into effect on June 1, 2007, but scholars called it the "half bankruptcy law." The lack of a personal bankruptcy system, on the one hand, caused unequal status among market players, on the other hand, it also affected The effect of the enterprise bankruptcy system. The personal bankruptcy system refers to a system in which a natural person can declare bankruptcy through statutory procedures and distribute his remaining assets to creditors fairly, and exempt him from continuing to pay off the debts that have not been repaid.

目前，深圳是第一個將要出臺個人破產地方法規的內地城市。但是，深圳不是第一個實施個人破產制度的城市，早在2019年，在民間借貸極其活躍的浙江溫州，就開始實施個人破產制度，溫州市率先開展的“個人債務集中清理”，正是建立個人破產制度的重要試點。2019年9月5日，溫州中院發布全國首個與個人破產制度功能相當的府院聯席會議紀要。9月11日，溫州中院聯合市金融辦通報開展個人債務集中清理試點工作相關情況，公布溫州中院《關于個人債務集中清理實施意見》。自全面開展個人債務集中清理試點工作以來，溫州法院系統即對經過篩選案件啟動清理程序。

At present, Shenzhen is the first inland city to introduce local bankruptcy regulations. However, Shenzhen is not the first city to implement a personal bankruptcy system. As early as 2019, the personal bankruptcy system began in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, where private lending is extremely active. An important pilot of the personal bankruptcy system. On September 5, 2019, the Wenzhou Intermediate People's Court released the minutes of the first joint meeting of the government and the courts with the function of the personal bankruptcy system. On September 11, the Wenzhou Intermediate People's Court and the Financial Office of the Municipality notified the relevant situation of the pilot work on the concentration of personal debts and announced the "Opinions on the Implementation of the Centralization of Personal Debts". Since the pilot work on the centralized liquidation of personal debts has been fully carried out, the Wenzhou court system has initiated liquidation procedures for selected cases.

為什么深圳如此迫切地推動個人破產制度的破冰？實際上，這與深圳存在大量個體工商戶、自然人從事商事活動的商業環境不無關系。截至今年1月底，在深圳登記的個體工商戶123.6萬戶，占深圳商事主體總數的37.5%。除了數量驚人的創業者以自然人的身份進行創業，還有很多小微企業主往往將個人財產與公司財產捆綁在一起，企業可以破產，個人不能破產，不少債權人要求企業主以個人財產進行抵押。這不僅加大了金融風險，也給高利貸、地下錢莊等非法融資創造了空間。

Why is Shenzhen so urgently pushing the personal bankruptcy system to break the ice? In fact, this has nothing to do with the business environment in Shenzhen where a large number of individual industrial and commercial households and natural persons engage in commercial activities. As of the end of January this year, 1.236 million individual industrial and commercial households registered in Shenzhen, accounting for 37.5% of the total number of commercial entities in Shenzhen. In addition to the amazing number of entrepreneurs who start their businesses as natural persons, many small and micro business owners often bundle personal property with company property. Businesses can go bankrupt, but individuals cannot go bankrupt. Many creditors require business owners to mortgage their personal property . This not only increased financial risks, but also created room for illegal financing such as loan sharks and underground banks.